Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized
by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Its causes are varied and can be broadly
categorized into genetic, structural, infectious, metabolic, immune, and
unknown causes. Genetic factors play a significant role, with some types of
epilepsy being inherited or resulting from specific gene mutations.
Structural causes include brain abnormalities
such as tumours, strokes, congenital malformations, or traumatic brain
injuries. These physical changes in the brain can disrupt normal electrical
activity, leading to seizures. Infectious causes involve brain infections like
meningitis, encephalitis, or neurocysticercosis, which can damage brain tissue
and trigger epilepsy.
Metabolic disorders, such as those affecting
electrolyte balance or energy production, can also lead to seizures. Immune
system disorders, including autoimmune encephalitis, can cause the body to
attack brain tissue, resulting in epilepsy. In many cases, the exact cause
remains unknown, making diagnosis and treatment more challenging. Understanding
the underlying cause is crucial for effective management and treatment of
epilepsy, often involving medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical
interventions.
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